<p>The Sylvester Dresser House is a historic house at 29 Summer Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It was built between 1865 and 1870 for Sylvester Dresser, a leading businessman in Southbridge during the second half of the 19th century. Dresser began his career as a schoolteacher, but operated a variety of businesses between the 1840s and 1860s. He was notable for making the first shipment  when the railroad arrived in Southbridge in 1866. His house is a 2.5 brick structure in a strong Italianate form, but with some Gothic Revival details. The blocky form with three bays, with the rounded arch entry and heavy balcony, are typical Italianate features, but the steeply pitched roof lines and Stick style decorative elements are more distinctly Gothic. The choice of brick as a building material is somewhat unusual, but not unexpected given that Dresser owned brickyards at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1870 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Dunbar-Vinton House is a historic house at Hook and Hamilton Streets in Southbridge, Massachusetts, USA. The date of its construction, and its original use, are both the subject of local speculation. The site was reported by 19th century historians to be the site of a school, but whether this building is the school in question or not is unclear. It structurally resembles a small schoolhouse, which lends credence to the theory. It is surmised to have been built by Captain Calvin Clemence, who died in 1828; the school was operated by a Mrs. Dunbar. In 1901, the house was reported to be occupied by Albert Vinton. Architecturally, the building is a small one story brick structure, three bays long, with a rounded arch doorway at the rightmost bay. A small clapboard addition was added at the west end in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1828 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Henry E. Durfee Farmhouse is a historic Greek Revival farm house at 281 Eastford Road in Southbridge, Massachusetts. The house is, despite its now somewhat suburban setting, a reminder of the rural past of that portion of southern Southbridge. Construction of the house is estimated to have been in 1849, around the time of Henry Durfees marriage; the house was built on land that probably belonged to his mothers family. Its basic plan is a 1.5 story three bay side hall configuration; the front facade has significant Greek Revival detailing, including corner pilasters and a doorway with corniced lintel as well as transom and sidelight windows. There is a major addition on the left facade, extending two full stories. Its property was once much larger , which has been reduced over the following years by suburbanization.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Glover Street Historic District is a residential historic district in Southbridge, Massachusetts. The district encompasses a cluster of nineteen houses on or adjacent to Glover Street between High and Poplar Streets. The area was fully developed beginning in the first decades of the 20th century, filling in a previous round of development that had taken place in the 1890s. These houses were targeted at Southbridge&#39;s growing middle class.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Glover Street was laid out was originally part of the Clarke-Glover Farm. In the 1880s a series of Gothic style 1.5 story cottages were built at the northern end of Glover Street. Six of these in particular feature jigsaw-cut bargeboard trim decoration and are among the best preserved of their type in Southbridge. This period of development also saw construction of a house and barn with Italianate Victorian styling.</p><br>
<p>The second construction phase ran from the 1910s to the 1930s, and once again saw the construction of modestly sized houses in the styles of the period. Most of these structures are Colonial Revival in styling, although there is one house with some Bungalow/craftsman styling. The district includes one house that predates the development of Glover Street: a vernacular frame house dating to the early 19th century that faces High Street at its corner with Glover. That house may have been associated with the Clarkes whose land it was.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Oakover River is a river in the Pilbara of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise north of the Wadara Range and west of the Saltbush range near Junction Well then flows in a northerly direction. The river continues north running parallel to the Gregory Range until merging with the Nullagine River to form the De Grey River.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through many permanent pools on its journey including; Toocoonaragee Pool, Carawine Pool, Yilgalong Pool and Ngumberramooring Pool.</p><br>
<p>There are 22 tributaries of the river including; Davis River, Stag Arrow Creek, Woodie Woodie Creek, Vanadium Creek, Yownama Creek and Yilgalong Creek.</p><br>
<p>The first European to discover the Oakover was the explorer Francis Thomas Gregory. Fellow explorer Peter Warburton crossed the river strapped to a camel toward the end of his trek across the Great Sandy Desert in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The traditional owners of the area are the Njamal or Nyamal peoples.</p><br>
<p>The Ludlow River is a river in the South West region of Western Australia. It was named after Frank Ludlow, one of the first Western Australian colonists, an arrival on the barque Parmelia in 1829, who explored the locality in 1834.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river are in the Whicher Range near Claymore. The river flows in a north-westerly direction through Yoganup then through Ludlow and discharges into the Wonnerup Estuary and thence into Geographe Bay and the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Ludlow is located in the Vasse-Wonnerup Conservation District within the Geographe Catchment Area along with the Abba and Sabina Rivers. The majority of the foreshore of the river has been cleared and only 5% is in pristine condition.</p><br>
<p>The only tributary of the Ludlow is Tiger Gully.</p><br>
<p>The Rogue River Ranch is a pioneer farm complex in Curry County in southwest Oregon, United States. The ranch is located on the north shore of the Rogue River just outside the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest. The original ranch buildings were constructed by George Billings. Later, the ranch was sold to Stanley Anderson, who increased the size of the property and built additional farm buildings. The Bureau of Land Management bought the ranch in 1970. Today, the main ranch house is a museum. The Bureau of Land Management also maintains a campground on the property. The Rogue River Ranch is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archeological evidence shows that Native Americans occupied the area around the Rogue River Ranch for over 9,000 years. Ancient Takelma speaking people were the first to make their home in Rogue River valley. Later, Athabascan speaking people migrated into the area. While their languages were different, both groups shared a common way of life based on fishing, hunting, and gathering. For thousands of years, the site that is now the Rogue River Ranch was a seasonal camp. However, it appears likely a permanent village was eventually established at the site. The Native American way of life along the Rogue River came to an end in 1856 when the native people were removed to reservations in northern Oregon.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, Tom Billings filed an official homestead claim on the north shore of the Rogue River at the mouth of Mule Creek. The following year, Tom transferred the claim to his older brother, George. In 1894, Tom and his wife, Anna, had their first child, a daughter named Marial. The settlement at Mule Creek was named Marial, after their daughter.</p><br>
<p>The Bureau of Land Management established the Rogue River Ranch National Historic Site and converted the main house into a museum. The museum has displays on Native American history, the local mining era, the Billings homestead period, and the development of the Anderson family farm. The Rogue River Ranch museum is open to visits from May to October.</p><br>
<p>The Rogue River Ranch offers visitors the opportunity to experience the rich heritage of the Rogue River canyon area. Because the ranch played an important role in the commercial and social development of the local area, the Rogue River Ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 29 December 1975. This historic ranch covers 700 acre. There are four historic buildings on the property plus six non-contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are four ranch buildings open to the public. They are the tackhouse, the blacksmith shop, the tabernacle, and the main house museum. There is also a caretaker’s house, a large barn, and several minor farm buildings that are not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The main house was built in 1903. It sits on a gentle slope facing Mule Creek. The house is a two-story, wood–frame structure. The lumber for the house was all cut by hand from Ponderosa pine logs cut on the site. The siding was smoothed with hand planes down to one quarter inch in thickness. The window glass was shipped overland from Portland, but the window frames were handmade at the ranch. The main house does not have a fireplace. It is heated by a wood-burning stove in the living room.</p><br>
<p>The other ranch buildings are also wood-frame structures with wood-lap siding. The Bureau of Land Management renovated the Tackhouse in 2008. The project replaced badly rotted framing members that had made the entire structure unsound.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Rogue River Ranch National Historic Site is located in the Rogue River canyon in southern Oregon. The ranch is at the mouth of Mule Creek on the north shore of the Rogue River at an elevation of approximately 420 ft above sea level. It is an isolated property, surrounded by the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest. The ranch is a major stop over point along the wild section of the Rogue River, which has been officially designated a National Wild and Scenic River.</p><br>
<p>The Rogue River Ranch is 45 mi northwest of Galice, Oregon; 42 mi south west of Glendale, Oregon; 24 mi southeast of Powers, Oregon; and 23 mi northeast of the small unincorporated community of Agness, Oregon. It take at least two hours to reach the ranch from any of these starting points. There are no gas stations along the route, so visitor driving to the ranch should depart with a full tank of gas. The nearest city is Grants Pass, Oregon, which is 75 mi from the ranch by way of Galice or Glendale.</p><br>
<p>The ranch can also be reached by boating down the Rogue River or by hiking the Rogue River canyon trail. The ranch is 22 river miles from Grave Creek Bridge (which is 8 mi north of Galice), or 23 mi along the canyon trail. Most people make the float trip in two days. The canyon hike from Grave Creek usually takes three days.</p><br>
<p>Because the Rogue River Ranch is a popular stopping point for boater floating down the Rogue River and hikers trekking the Rogue River canyon trail, the Bureau of Land Management maintains a campground at the mouth of Mule Creek. The campground has a several primitive camp sites with public toilet available nearby. Due to new regulations for public water supplies, drinking water is no longer available at an outside spigot near the caretaker’s house. The Bureau of Land Management does not charge a fee for camping at the ranch; however, campers must coordinate their stay with the ranch caretaker.</p><br>
<p>West Hall is a building on the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute campus in Troy, New York, United States. It is currently home to the Arts Department at RPI. It was previously a hospital, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Old Troy Hospital.</p><br>
<p>A plaque on the southwest corner of West Hall reads as follows: "The Corner Stone of the Troy Hospital was laid on the 28th of June 1868 by the right Rev. Bishop Conroy". The hospital was opened in 1869 and was operated by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. The design of the building is due to Marcus F. Cummings of Troy and noted as a major example of French Second Empire architecture. The Sisters of Charity sold the building to the Albany Diocese in 1922 and it was converted to be used as a Catholic High School in 1923. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute acquired the building in 1952 and named it West Hall, as it was one of the westernmost buildings on campus. Following a complete renovation, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Department of Geology occupied the building. A geology museum was housed there at one time, the remnants of which can still be seen in parts of the basement.</p><br>
<p>West Hall currently houses several offices, art studios, and rehearsal space for the Rensselaer Symphony Orchestra. There is a large auditorium for performances and a few music practice rooms. Between 2004 and 2008 there was a major renovation of the exterior, which was made in part by a $150,000 Campus Heritage Initiative Grant. The building was completely repainted and detailed, and the front steps were re-landscaped. Between 2008-2009 new stairs where constructed traversing the hill on the north side, as well as more robust concrete retaining walls.</p><br>
<p>A folklore surrounds the construction of "cables" to stabilize the building on the shifting hill. The cables supposedly were put in place to anchor the buildings foundations to an outcropping of bedrock near Walker Labs. According to Thomas Zimmie PhD, PE, D.GE, a professor in the Civil Engineering Department of RPI, this kind of myth comes about worldwide. According to him, "There are no cables holding West Hall... There are slope problems on campus, but nothing that cant be fixed." While Professor Zimmie acknowledges that a problem will eventually occur, he says "It will probably take at least a few thousand years."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Troy Hospital (1891-1913/23)</h3><br>
<p>Originally built as Troy Hospital, the building opened in Fall 1871 and remained in operation until 1913. As a hospital the building was the second site of Troy Hospital founded by Daughters of Charity in 1850, and the new building was at a higher elevation to increase "natural ventilation". The more recent building was designed by Marcus F. Cummings in the "Grant Style" (after the president). The hospital was intended to treat "the poor and indigent of the city", the industrial workers, and Irish Catholic immigrants whom the Catholic priests would not visit because of their residence in almshouses and orphanages, but over the years it developed private rooms for the more affluent members of the Troy community to have respite. A service offered in 1905 was the availability of horse-drawn ambulances. Between 1913 and 1923 the building languished and was not in use.</p><br>
<h3>Catholic Central High School (1923-1952)</h3><br>
<p>In the spring of 1923, Bishop Gibbons of the Albany Catholic Diocese began a movement to raise capital to transform the old Troy Hospital into a Catholic Central High School. A total of $250,000 was raised and a reconstruction plan of the building was implemented. The Diocese added an auditorium, gymnasium, and cafeteria.</p><br>
<p>Classes began in 1923, but not in the intended building. Delays caused classes to be held at St. Peters Lyceum until early 1924. During West Halls tenure as Catholic Central High School it acquired many of the classroom structures we see today, including separate entrances for the sexes. Visible still to this day are the southernmost entrance labeled "Boys" and the northernmost entrance labeled "Girls". The building transferred to RPI in 1952.</p><br>
<p>Mazama Falls, also referred to more simply as Wells Creek Falls , is a waterfall on Wells Creek in the USA state of Washington. At nearly 500 ft high, it is said to be the largest waterfall in the Wells Creek watershed.</p><br>
<p>The falls drops 500 ft in three main tiers. The uppermost tier is formed as Wells Creek squeezes between a "pinched" cliff and falls over 200 ft in a horsetail form, reminiscent of Nevada Falls in Yosemite National Park. Directly after this drop is a 100 ft plunge, which falls into a water-sculpted bowl. The third tier is a short distance downstream, plunging about 150 ft in a segmented form. The waterfall is also said to have four more smaller tiers, the largest of which is 50 ft.</p><br>
<p>The waterfall is easily seen from Wells Creek Road #33 in the Mount Baker Wilderness Area, approximately 7.5 mi from Washington State Route 542. About 0.75 mi below Mazama Falls is the 40 ft rapids called Lower Mazama Falls. About 1.5 mi downstream of Mazama Falls is Wells Creek Falls, a 90 ft plunge.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Cross is a church in Troy, New York, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in New York in 1973. It borders the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute campus to the East and South.</p><br>
<p>The church was founded by Mary Warren in the early 1840s. Under the direction of Mary Warren&#39;s son, Nathan B. Warren, the church nave was built from designs by Alexander Jackson Davis in 1844. The chancel addition, by Richard Upjohn, was completed in late 1848 and dedicated in January, 1849. In 1846, the Church instituted one of the first choirs at an Episcopal church in the United States. During the full choral service, the psalter, creed and responses of the English Cathedral Service are chanted by the choir while the officiant intones his part. In 1863, the Mary Warren Free Institute was built adjoining the church to the south in order to further religious and musical instruction. The Institute still exists to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>Due to declining membership, the church closed on December 6, 2009. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute successfully purchased the property.</p><br>
<p>The John Hunter House, also known as McCullough House, near Franklin, Tennessee is an Italianate style house that was built in 1875. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP eligibility of this property and others was covered in a 1988 study of Williamson County historical resources. The house was one of relatively few fine brick residences built in Williamson County, Tennessee, besides in Franklin, that were built from 1865 to 1937. Another one, also in Italianate style, is the Andrew Vaughn House, also NRHP-listed. Both "feature arched fenestration and</p><br>
<p>ornate eaves" and had had few changes since, as of the 1988 study.</p><br>
<p>The house was built or has other significance in c. 1875, c. 1890, and c. 1910.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP listing was for an area of 2.8 acre with just one contributing building.</p><br>
<p>Gehenna  from the Hebrew Gehinnom  is a small valley in Jerusalem. In the Hebrew Bible, Gehenna was initially where some of the kings of Judah sacrificed their children by fire. Thereafter it was deemed to be cursed.</p><br>
<p>In Rabbinic literature and Christian and Islamic scripture, Gehenna is a destination of the wicked. This is different from the more neutral Sheol/Hades, the abode of the dead, although the King James Version of the Bible usually translates both with the Anglo-Saxon word Hell.</p><br>
<p>In the King James Version of the Bible, the term appears 13 times in 11 different verses as Valley of Hinnom, Valley of the son of Hinnom or Valley of the children of Hinnom.</p><br>
<p>The Valley of Hinnom is the modern name for the valley surrounding Jerusalem&#39;s Old City, including Mount Zion, from the west and south. It meets and merges with the Kidron Valley, the other principal valley around the Old City, near the southeastern corner of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>English "Gehenna" represents the Greek Ge&#39;enna (γέεννα) found in the New Testament, a phonetic transcription of Aramaic Gēhannā (ܓܗܢܐ), equivalent to the Hebrew Ge Hinnom, literally "Valley of Hinnom".</p><br>
<p>This was known in the Old Testament as Gei Ben-Hinnom, literally the "Valley of the son of Hinnom", and in the Talmud as Gehinnam or Gehinnom.</p><br>
<p>Citation: In the New American Standard Bible, Joshua 15:8 (see below) notes, "Then the border went up the valley of Ben-Hinnom (, Gei ben Hinnom) to the slope of the Jebusite on the south (that is, Jerusalem); and the border went up to the top of the mountain which is before the valley of Hinnom to the west, which is at the end of the valley of Rephaim toward the north." Joshua is describing the boundaries of the tribe of Judah.</p><br>
<p>Keil and Delitzsch note in their Commentary on the Old Testament, "It (the boundary of the tribe of Judah) then went up into the more elevated valley of Ben-Hinnom, on the south side of the Jebusite town, i.e., Jerusalem (see at Jos 10:1), and still farther up to the top of the mountain which rises on the west of the valley of Ben-Hinnom, and at the farthest extremity of the plain of Rephaim towards the north. The valley of Ben-Hinnom, or Ben-Hinnom (the son or sons of Hinnom), on the south side of Mount Zion, a place which was notorious from the time of Ahaz as the seat of the worship of Moloch (Kg2 23:10; Ch2 28:3; Ch2 33:6; Jer 7:31, etc.), is supposed there, but of whom nothing further is known (see Robinson, Pal. i. pp. 402ff.)." This reference in the Book of Joshua is the first mention in the Old Testament of this "Valley of the Sons of Hinnom".</p><br>
<p>This valley, as Keil and Delitzsch note, is "on the south side of the Jebusite town, i.e., Jerusalem." This valley is mentioned five times in the Book of Jeremiah (7:31,32 19:2,6 32:35) as the place in which the people would "burn their sons and daughters in the fire" as part of the worship of Moloch as noted by Keil and Delitzsch.</p><br>
<p>In the Qur&#39;an, Jahannam (جهنم) is a place of torment for sinners and non-believers, or the Islamic equivalent of Hell.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The exact location of the Valley of Hinnom is disputed. Older commentaries give the location as below the southern wall of ancient Jerusalem, stretching from the foot of Mount Zion eastward past the Tyropoeon to the Kidron Valley. However the Tyropoeon Valley is usually no longer associated with the Valley of Hinnom because during the period of Ahaz and Manasseh, the Tyropoeon lay within the city walls and child sacrifice would have been practiced outside the walls of the city. Smith (1907), Dalman (1930), Bailey (1986) and Watson (1992) identify the Wadi ar-Rababi, which fits the data of Joshua that Hinnom valley ran east to west and lay outside the city walls. According to Joshua, the valley began at En-rogel. If the modern Bir Ayyub is En-rogel, then Wadi ar-Rababi, which begins there, is Hinnom.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeology</h3><br>
<p>Child sacrifice at other Tophets contemporary with the Bible accounts (700–600 BC) of the reigns of Ahaz and Manasseh have been established, such as the bones of children sacrificed at the Tophet to the goddess Tank in Phoenician Carthage, and also child sacrifice in ancient Syria-Palestine. Scholars such as Mosca (1975) have concluded that the sacrifice recorded in the Hebrew Bible, such as Jeremiahs comment that the worshippers of Baal had "filled this place with the blood of innocents", is literal, while Mark Smith has stated that in the seventh century child sacrifice was a Judean practice performed in the name of Yahweh. J. Day, Heider, and Mosca believe that the Molech cult took place in the valley of Hinnom at the Topheth. No archaeological evidence such as mass childrens graves has been found; however, it has been suggested that such a find may be compromised by the heavy population history of the Jerusalem area compared to the Tophet found in Tunisia. The site would also have been disrupted by the actions of Josiah "And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech." (2 Kings 23). A minority of scholars have attempted to argue that the Bible does not portray actual child sacrifice, but only dedication to the god by fire; however, they are judged to have been "convincingly disproved" (Hay, 2011).</p><br>
<h2>The concept of Gehinnom</h2><br>
<h3>Hebrew Bible</h3><br>
<p>The oldest historical reference to the valley is found in, which describe tribal boundaries. The next chronological reference to the valley is at the time of King Ahaz of Judah who sacrificed his sons there according to. Since his legitimate son by the daughter of the High Priest Hezekiah succeeded him as king, this, if literal, is assumed to mean children by unrecorded pagan wives or concubines. The same is recorded of Ahaz&#39; grandson Manasseh in. There remains debate about whether the phrase "cause his children to pass through the fire" meant a religious ceremony or literally child sacrifice.</p><br>
<p>The Book of Isaiah does not mention Gehenna by name, but the "burning place" in which the Assyrian army is to be destroyed, may be read "Topheth", and the final verse of Isaiah which concerns of those that have rebelled against God.</p><br>
<p>In the reign of Josiah a call came from Jeremiah to destroy the shrines in Topheth and to end the practice. It is recorded that Josiah destroyed the shrine of Molech on Topheth to prevent anyone sacrificing children there in. Despite Josiah&#39;s ending of the practice, Jeremiah also included a prophecy that Jerusalem itself would be made like Gehenna and Topheth.</p><br>
<p>A final purely geographical reference is found in to the exiles returning from Babylon camping from Beersheba to Hinnom.</p><br>
<h3>Targums</h3><br>
<p>The ancient Aramaic paraphrase-translations of the Hebrew Bible known as Targums supply the term "Gehinnom" frequently to verses touching upon resurrection, judgment, and the fate of the wicked. This may also include addition of the phrase "second death", as in the final chapter of the Book of Isaiah, where the Hebrew version does not mention either Gehinnom or the Second Death, whereas the Targums add both. In this the Targums are parallel to the Gospel of Mark addition of "Gehenna" to the quotation of the Isaiah verses describing the corpses "where their worm does not die".</p><br>
<h3>Rabbinical Judaism</h3><br>
<p>The picture of Gehenna as the place of punishment or destruction of the wicked occurs frequently in the Mishnah in Kiddushin 4.14, Avot 1.5; 5.19, 20, Tosefta t. Bereshith 6.15, and Babylonian Talmud b.Rosh Hashanah 16b:7a; b. Bereshith 28b. Gehenna is considered a Purgatory-like place where the wicked go to suffer until they have atoned for their sins. It is stated that the maximum amount of time a sinner can spend in Gehenna is one year. There are also four people who do not get a share in Olam Ha-Ba. Those people are Doeg the Edomite, Ahitophel, Balaam, and Gehazi.</p><br>
<p>Due to Jewish religious tradition regarding the bloodiness of its history, Gehenna became a metonym for "Hell" or any similar place of punishment in the afterlife.</p><br>
<p>The traditional explanation that a burning rubbish heap in the Valley of Hinnom south of Jerusalem gave rise to the idea of a fiery Gehenna of judgment is attributed to Rabbi David Kimhis commentary on Psalm 27:13 (ca. 1200 AD). He maintained that in this loathsome valley fires were kept burning perpetually to consume the filth and cadavers thrown into it. However, Hermann Strack and Paul Billerbeck state that there is neither archaeological nor literary evidence in support of this claim, in either the earlier intertestamental or the later rabbinic sources. Also, Lloyd R. Baileys "Gehenna: The Topography of Hell" from 1986 holds a similar view.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence however that the southwest shoulder of this valley (Ketef Hinnom) was a burial location with numerous burial chambers that were reused by generations of families from as early as the seventh until the fifth century BC. The use of this area for tombs continued into the first centuries BC and AD. By 70 AD, the area was not only a burial site but also a place for cremation of the dead with the arrival of the Tenth Roman Legion, who were the only group known to practice cremation in this region.</p><br>
<p>In time it became deemed to be accursed and an image of the place of destruction in Jewish folklore.</p><br>
<p>Eventually the Hebrew term Gehinnom became a figurative name for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism. According to most Jewish sources, the period of purification or punishment is limited to only 12 months and every Sabbath day is excluded from punishment. After this the soul will ascend to Olam Ha-Ba (the world to come), be destroyed, or continue to exist in a state of consciousness of remorse.</p><br>
<h3>New Testament</h3><br>
<p>In the synoptic Gospels Jesus uses the word Gehenna to describe the opposite to life in the Kingdom. It is used 11 times in these accounts. In certain usage, it is a place where both soul (Greek: ψυχή) and body could be destroyed in "unquenchable fire".</p><br>
<p>Matthew 5:22: "....whoever shall say, "You fool," shall be guilty enough to go into Gehenna."</p><br>
<p>Matthew 5:29: "....it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to be thrown into Gehenna."</p><br>
<p>Matthew 5:30: "....better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go into Gehenna."</p><br>
<p>Matthew 10:28: "....rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in Gehenna."</p><br>
<p>Matthew 18:9: "It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than with two eyes to be thrown into the Gehenna...."</p><br>
<p>Matthew 23:15: "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you... make one proselyte...twice as much a child of Gehenna as yourselves."</p><br>
<p>Matthew 23:33, to the Pharisees: "You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you to escape the sentence of Gehenna?"</p><br>
<p>Mark 9:43: "It is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into Gehenna into the unquenchable fire."</p><br>
<p>Mark 9:45: "It is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into Gehenna."</p><br>
<p>Mark 9:47: "It is better for you to enter the Kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into Gehenna."</p><br>
<p>Luke 12:5: "....fear the One who, after He has killed has authority to cast into Gehenna; yes, I tell you, fear Him."</p><br>
<p>James is the only other writer to use the word Gehenna in the New Testament:</p><br>
<p>James 3:6: "And the tongue is a fire...and sets on fire the course of our life, and is set on fire by Gehenna."</p><br>
<h4>Translations in Christian Bibles</h4><br>
<p>The New Testament also refers to Hades as a place distinct from Gehenna. Unlike Gehenna, Hades typically conveys neither fire nor punishment but forgetfulness. The Book of Revelation describes Hades being cast into the lake of fire. The King James Version is the only English translation in modern use to translate Sheol, Hades, Tartarus (Gr. ταρταρώσας, Root: ταρταρόω tartaroō), and Gehenna as Hell. In the New Testament, the New International Version, New Living Translation, New American Standard Bible (among others) all reserve the term "hell" for the translation of Gehenna or Tartarus (see above), transliterating Hades as a term directly from the equivalent Greek term.</p><br>
<p>Treatment of Gehenna in Christianity is significantly affected by whether the distinction in Hebrew and Greek between Gehenna and Hades was maintained:</p><br>
<p>Translations with a distinction:</p><br>
<p>The 4th century Ulfilas (Wulfila) or Gothic Bible is the first Bible to use Hell&#39;s Proto-Germanic form Halja, and maintains a distinction between Hades and Gehenna. However, unlike later translations, Halja () is reserved for Hades, and Gehenna is transliterated to Gaiainnan (), which surprisingly is the opposite to modern translations that translate Gehenna into Hell and leave Hades untranslated (see below).</p><br>
<p>The late 4th-century Latin Vulgate transliterates the Greek γέεννα "gehenna" with "gehennæ" (e.g. Matt 5:22) while using "infernus" ("coming from below, of the underworld") to translate ᾅδης (Hades).</p><br>
<p>The 19th century Young&#39;s Literal Translation tries to be as literal a translation as possible and does not use the word Hell at all, keeping the words Hades and Gehenna untranslated.</p><br>
<p>The 19th-century Arabic Van Dyck distinguishes Gehenna from Sheol.</p><br>
<p>The 20th century New International Version, New Living Translation and New American Standard Bible reserve the term "Hell" only for when Gehenna or Tartarus is used. All translate Sheol and Hades in a different fashion. The exception to this is the New International Version&#39;s translation in Luke 16:23, which is its singular rendering of Hades as Hell.</p><br>
<p>In texts in Greek, and consistently in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the distinctions present in the originals were often maintained. The Russian Synodal Bible (and one translation by the Old Church Slavonic) also maintain the distinction. In modern Russian, the concept of Hell (Ад) is directly derived from Hades (Аид), separate and independent of Gehenna. Fire imagery is attributed primarily to Gehenna, which is most commonly mentioned as Gehenna the Fiery (Геенна огненная), and appears to be synonymous to the Lake of Fire.</p><br>
<p>The New World Translation, used by Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses, maintains a distinction between Gehenna and Hades by transliterating Gehenna, and by rendering "Hades" (or "Sheol") as "the Grave".</p><br>
<p>The word "hell" is not used in the New American Bible, except in a footnote in the book of Job translating an alternative passage from the Vulgate, in which the word corresponds to Jerome&#39;s "inferos," itself a translation of "sheol." "Gehenna" is untranslated, "Hades" either untranslated or rendered "netherworld," and "sheol" rendered "nether world."</p><br>
<p>Translations without a distinction:</p><br>
<p>The late 10th century Wessex Gospels and the 14th century Wycliffe Bible render both the Latin inferno and gehenna as Hell.</p><br>
<p>The 16th century Tyndale and later translators had access to the Greek, but Tyndale translated both Gehenna and Hades as same English word, Hell.</p><br>
<p>The 17th century King James Version of the Bible is the only English translation in modern use to translate Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna as Hell.</p><br>
<p>Many modern Christians understand Gehenna to be a place of eternal punishment called hell. Annihilationists understand Gehenna to be a place where sinners are eventually utterly destroyed, not tormented with literal pain forever.</p><br>
<h3>Quran</h3><br>
<p>The name given to Hell in Islam, Jahannam, directly derives from Gehenna. The Quran contains 77 references to Gehenna (جهنم), but no references to Hades (هيدز).</p><br>
<p>The Liphofung  Historical Site includes a cave which occupies an important place in Lesotho history. It is the smallest of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority  reserves, at about 4.5 hectare, but has been intensively developed. The cave is a large overhang in the Clarens sandstone, which is a typical feature of the Lesotho lowlands region. Originally used by the San people and other Neolithic people, the walls contain important rock art and a rich archaeological deposit of Stone Age implements lies beneath the floor. Later, King Moshoeshoe the Great used the cave as a stopover when visiting that part of the kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The site is located in a tributary-stream valley of the Hololo River, off the main route from Butha-Buthe to Oxbow and Mokhotlong. Access is via a concrete road which is passable for all vehicles. A visitors&#39; centre, featuring a display of Basotho culture and San rock art has been developed, along with restrooms and a small shop. The site is a popular destination of school groups and tourists traveling to Oxbow, and light refreshments are available.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the cultural and historical aspects of the site, there are also various geological features to be seen, both on-site and in the surrounding areas. Since the &#39;Moteng Valley is densely populated, it is a good opportunity to observe the traditional Basotho way of life.</p><br>
<p>The site was developed almost entirely by local labour and artisans; therefore, most of the development costs have been ploughed directly back into the local community. This, in turn, has led to a strong sense of ownership of the facility by the local communities.</p><br>
<p>Sloat&#39;s Dam and Mill Pond is located between Waldron Terrace and Ballard Avenue in Sloatsburg, New York, United States. The 200-foot–long  concrete dam creates the mill pond north of it by impounding the Ramapo River.</p><br>
<p>It was created by Stephen Sloat in 1792, and renovated two decades later. It was the earliest of three dams on the river in today&#39;s Rockland County that supported milling operations; today it is the only one that remains mostly intact, although the mill shut down after a mid-20th century fire. In 2000 it and several accessory structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The dam, mill pond and associated structures are located within a 15 acre rectangular area owned by the county. Most of that land is covered by the mill pond. The dam itself, located just west of Waldron Terrace where it runs parallel to the New York State Thruway, is 200 feet (60 m) long, four feet (1.1 m) high at its highest and about as wide. It is of concrete covering the original stonework. At the west end of the dam is a stone sluice gate at the end of a mill race.</p><br>
<p>At the southwest corner of the parcel are the remaining stone gateposts from the Brown Estate, which included the entire mill property during the early 20th century. They are located just off Station Road, next to an electrical substation just east of the train station. There is a historical marker nearby as they are the most visible component of the listing.</p><br>
<p>The gateposts had no direct connection to the mills. They are considered a contributing resource to the Register listing due to their age and the similarity of their stonework to contemporaneous renovations to the mill structures. Little remains of the actual mill buildings, which were mostly razed in the 1960s, and what does is not considered contributing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Isaac Sloat, son of original Sloatsburg settler William, built the original stone dam across the Ramapo in 1792 to power a sawmill and tannery. Two other millers soon followed, above and below the present dam. Sloat&#39;s son Jacob reinforced the dam with concrete in 1815 before expanding the mill to produce textiles.</p><br>
<p>His business prospered, helped in later decades by the nearby route of the New York and Erie Railroad, and he expanded the mill several times before retiring in 1851. The Sloatsburg Manufacturing Company, which took over from him, again expanded the mill six years later, in 1857.</p><br>
<p>In 1878 it went bankrupt as a delayed result of the Panic of 1873. A new owner, William McCullough, took it over four years later and began producing silk. Around 1900 the mill became part of the property of Cappamore, the estate of Nicholas Brown, which overlooked Sloatsburg from the east. The stone gateposts were built at this time. Shortly afterwards, the flood of 1903, which wiped out the other two dams in the area, severely damaged the mill&#39;s infrastructure and it had to shut down.</p><br>
<p>The Ramapo Piece and Dye Works took over in 1907 and made the first renovations in nearly a century. They built the stone sluice gate on the site of the original wooden one, in cobblestone similar to that used on the gateposts. At this time it seems that they also shored up the dam.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, what was now called the Ramapo Finishing Company tore down the older sections of the factory. They continued to use the rest of it until it was severely damaged in a 1955 fire. The year after, Cappamore was demolished as part of the Thruway construction. The remaining mill buildings themselves were leveled in 1966 for a redevelopment that was never completed and the race was filled in after a drowned death in the remaining water.</p><br>
<p>The mill property, and some other riverfront acreage, was acquired by the county in the late 20th century. It and the Sloatsburg Historical Society have been working to develop it as part of the 45 acre Eleanor Burlingham Memorial Park, meant primarily for passive recreation. Currently there is the marker at the gateposts and a short walking trail to the dam from there.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Mill Brick House is a historic house at 16 High Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built c. 1855 by the Hamilton Woolen Mill Company, it is one of a small number of brick company housing units to survive from that time. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hamilton Mill Brick House on the west side of High Street, just south of Main Street and west of High Street&#39;s junction with Ash Street. Facing south, the house is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof and single off-center brick chimney. It has a granite sills and lintels, and a recessed front door with sidelight and transom windows. A secondary entrance on the north side, which is three bays wide, is sheltered by a gabled porch. The side gables are fully pedimented, with two sash windows in the gable.</p><br>
<p>Although brick was not a house building material commonly used in Southbridge when this house was built c. 1855, most of the worker housing built by the Hamilton Woolen Mill Company was. This is one of a few surviving brick houses of the period in Southbridge (the other, the Vinton-Torrey House, is also listed, but is a farmhouse outside the downtown and industrial area). Many other instances of the companys housing in the High and Sayles Street have since been demolished, but this one and the Hamilton Millwright-Agents House survive. This house was still in company ownership at the turn of the 20th century, and was probably used to house senior company management.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Millwright-Agents House is a historic house at 757-761 Main Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built about 1840, it is a rare surviving house from the Hamilton Woolen Companys early period of worker house construction. It is also rare as a brick house of the period; they were not commonly built in Southbridge at the time. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hamilton Millwright-Agents House is set on the south side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 131), just near its junction with Hamilton Street in Southbridges Globe Village. The house stands on a rise overlooking the former Hamilton Woolen Company mill. It has typical Greek Revival characteristics, and is stylistically similar to the Judson-Litchfield House on South Street. It has a doorway with sidelights and transom, and window openings with granite sills and lintels. There is a side ell, in front of which is a porch with Doric posts and a Greek entablature.</p><br>
<p>Although brick was not a house building material commonly used in Southbridge when this house was built c. 1840, most of the worker housing built by the Hamilton Woolen Mill Company was. This house was probably built for John Edwards Bacon, the millwright who built the 1836 Hamilton Companys mill, then the nations largest mill building. By 1855 the house was occupied by the mill&#39;s agent, Joshua Ballard, who held leading positions in the company for forty years, during its period of greatest success.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Woolen Company Historic District encompasses the well preserved "Big Mill" complex of the Hamilton Woolen Company, built in the mid 19th century. Located at the confluence of McKinstry Brook and the Quinebaug River in central Southbridge, Massachusetts, the complex consists of a cluster of mill buildings and a rare collection of 1830s brick mill worker housing units located nearby. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Hamilton Companys mill had been used as a mill site since 1750, when the first water privilege was granted to William Plimpton. In 1812 James and Perez Wolcott established a cotton mill on the site, building in 1814 what was at the time the worlds largest cotton mill. The Wolcotts continued to expand their business, until a dam they built gave way, irreparably harming their business. Its remains were acquired by Boston investors, who formed the Hamilton Woolen Company in 1831. They rebuilt the dam to a higher level, and in 1836 embarked on a major expansion of the premises.</p><br>
<p>Among the buildings erected in 1836 are the Big Mill, a five story brick structure that is the dominant feature of the complex. Extensively modified in 1850, the most distinctive feature of this building is an end stairwell which is capped by a tower with a Romanesque belfry. Immediately adjacent to the mill Brick Square was established. This was a cluster of brick housing units arranged around a quadrangle. This area, now bounded by Mill Street, Canal Street, and Brick Row, includes five surviving worker houses. Built in the then-popular Greek Revival style, one of them was later adapted for company offices.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 19th century Hamilton was the dominant employer in Stockbridge, producing primarily woolen products, especially after the American Civil War cut off cotton supplies. It remained a major presence in town, although it had been eclipsed in size by the American Optical Company, until a strike in 1934 closed its doors forever. Its complex underwent expansion in the late 19th century, but many of these buildings have not survived. The company added several buildings to the complex in 1929, most notable the dye building, which features a large segmented arch window, but is not in a prominent position of visibility in the complex.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Hartwell House is a historic house at 105 Hamilton Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It is a rare example of a modest vernacular Italianate house in Southbridge, and one of the only ones built of brick. It was built in the 1850s, not long after that stretch of Hamilton Street was laid out, for Dr. George Hartwell, nephew of Dr. Samuel Hartwell. The Hartwells controlled the Hartwell Block on Main Street, and George Hartwell ran a pharmacy, which continued in business into the 1970s. While the house has significant Italianate features such as bracketed eaves and paired windows, it lacks the flat roof line that is characteristic of other local Italianate houses, and is less massive than the more imposing James Gleason House and Chamberlain-Bordeau House.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The High–School Streets Historic District encompasses a cluster of fourteen houses representing one of the best well preserved mid-19th century residential districts in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Located in the city&#39;s Globe Village area, the houses are predominantly Greek Revival in style. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hamilton Woolen Company was established in the 1830s on the north bank of the Quinebaug River northwest of Southbridge&#39;s town center. The company owned much land in the area, and in the 1840s began to sell off land along High and School Streets, south of Main Street. These lots were sold with the restriction that houses with a value of at least $1000 be built on them. The result of this was a collection of Greek Revival houses, in a variety of configurations. Most are 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, wood frame in construction, and have typical Greek Revival elements, including pilastered corners, entrances with sidelights and/or transoms, with gabled pediments above. Some houses have later 19th-century stylistic elements that were applied after their construction, giving them Italianate or later Victorian flavor. Two houses (26 School and 56 High) in the district are built out of brick.</p><br>
<p>Most of the houses are on the west side of High Street, extending north from South Street nearly to Main Street. One house stands at the northeast corner of South and High, and two face School Street immediately west of High Street.</p><br>
<p>The Judson-Litchfield House is a historic house at 313 South Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built sometime in the 1830s, it is a well-preserved local example of brick Greek Revival architecture, of which there are few surviving examples in the city. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Judson-Litchfield House is located on Southbridge&#39;s south side, on a rise on the south side of South Street. It is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, with a front-facing gable roof. Its front (north-facing facade) is three bays wide, with the entrance set in the right bay recessed in a segmented-arched opening, and windows set in openings with granite lintels and sills. The main gable is fully pedimented, with a louvered half-oval opening at its center. A porch added to the left of the building is a later 19th-century addition.</p><br>
<p>Built sometime in the 1830s, this house is an early example of a side entry gable front Greek Revival house, a style that became much more common in subsequent decades. An early local historian claimed that it was built to rival in style the Tiffany-Leonard House, another fine brick Greek Revival house located in the city center. This house was built for Samuel Judson, owner of one of Southbridges early cotton mills. Later in the 19th century it was acquired by Libya Merritt Litchfield, treasurer and co-owner of the Litchfield shuttle factory. The Litchfield Company was founded in the early 1840s, and was one of Southbridges oldest and most successful businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Maple Street Historic District consists of a cluster of ten similar worker cottages on Maple Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. They were built as part of an effort by the locally important American Optical Company to improve the quality of its worker housing in the 1910s. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The American Optical Company was a major employer in Southbridge from the late 19th century well into the 20th century. Its owners, members of the Wells family, had a history of building housing units (which they retained personal ownership of) to rent to workers in their factories. At some point in the early 20th century the company began acquiring existing houses which it also used to provide worker housing. Around 1915 the company built a series of housing units. The Maple Street cluster is one of these; others that have survived relatively intact include Windsor Court and Twinehurst Place, both of which consist of multiunit buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Maple Street properties are ten nearly identical wood-framed gambrel-roofed Colonial Revival (Dutch Colonial) cottages, which the company intended as housing for its foremen. All are oriented with a gable end to the street, with the main entrances of the houses on the sides, facing each other in pairs. Nominally 1-1/2 stories tall, they feature long dormers in their roof line that create a full second story inside. All feature a slate roof, stucco exterior, and an enclosed porch. The design work for them was done by Loring & Leland of Boston, who are known to have designed other worker housing areas.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Richard House is a historic house at 239-241 Elm Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It is a 2.5 story wood frame house with two interior chimneys and fairly basic vernacular Federal styling. Its date of construction is unknown: structures with commercial uses appear at its location on maps of the area dated 1855 and 1870. The house&#39;s unusual angle with respect to the street , suggests an earlier date of construction. It is first definitively identified on an 1879, owned by Stephen Richard. Richard was a French Canadian who immigrated to Southbridge and established a cutlery making firm in 1862. He is locally notable as the first French Canadian to become a United States citizen, something that he apparently needed to acquire a license of some sort. In his wake a significant number of other immigrants also became citizens.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Tiffany-Leonard House  is a historic house at 25 Elm Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built about 1832, it is a distinctive and high-quality local example of Greek Revival architecture, and is notable for its association with prominent local business owners. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tiffany-Leonard House is set on the east side of Elm Street, just south of Southbridges downtown and opposite the Elm Street Fire House. It is a handsome two story brick structure, with a front-facing gable roof and a granite foundation. Its most prominent feature is its full height four-columned Greek Revival portico, which features fluted Doric columns supporting a full-pedimented and dentillated gable. The columns are narrower than often found on this type of house, a style reminiscent more of the Federal period. The buildings front corners are pilasters, and the dentillated eave is continued around its sides. Windows (some bricked over) are set in openings with granite lintels and sills.</p><br>
<p>The house was built circa 1832 for Bella Tiffany, a business partner of mill owner Samuel Slater who cofounded the first cotton mill in nearby Webster. He also served as president of the local bank, and in the state legislature. By 1855 the house was owned by Manning Leonard, in whose hands it remained until late in the 19th century. Manning Leonard was also a local businessman and politician, holding significant shares in the Central Manufacturing Company.</p><br>
<p>The Twinehurst American Optical Company Neighborhood is a residential historic district in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It consists of seven three family houses built by the owners of the American Optical Company to provide housing for their workers. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Six of the seven houses are on Twinehurst Place, a short loop near the junction of Paige Hill Road and Central Street; one house has an address on Central Street but is physically adjacent to the others. The center of the loop is an open grassy area, giving a clear view of the neighborhood. All of the houses were built between 1915 and 1917, and exhibit Colonial Revival characteristics despite subsequent alteration. The typical house has a three-bay front facade, with the building entrances in the end bays, topped by a gabled pediment above. Two of the buildings have only a single entrance. Most of the buildings have three-part picture windows in the center bay.</p><br>
<p>The houses appear to be somewhat typical 2.5 story two family houses, with their gables toward the street. However, each has extended dormers sufficient to provide a full apartment on the third floor. Each unit originally had a porch on the south side, but in all cases these have been subsequently enclosed. The houses originally had wood shingle siding, but this has generally been changed: on some of the houses it has been replaced by wider wood siding, and on others by synthetic siding. Despite these changes, Colonial Revival trim details have generally been preserved.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Chapin Street Historic District is a residential historic district on Chapin Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. The district includes fourteen Victorian houses on Chapin Street, thirteen of which lie between Forest Avenue and Dresser Street, and two of which are just south of Forest. All of these houses, almost all of which were built in the 1870s, are well preserved, making it one of the most intact period neighborhoods in the city.</p><br>
<p>Most of the houses in the district are relatively small cottage-style houses, either 1.5 or two stories, with Italianate and Gothic Revival style decoration. There is one house in the district with Queen Anne styling, and two in the Stick style. Only one property, 132 Chapin Street, does not contribute to the district. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Vinton-Boardman Farmhouse is a historic farm at 93 Torrey Road in Southbridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Vinton-Boardman Farmhouse was built in 1760 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It was built on land that belonged to the Vinton family since 1738. In 1825 (beams originating from c. 1800), the formal 2 over 2 front was added. The home was sold by the Vintons to the Boardman family in 1894. Ms. Harriet Boardman ran a dairy farm on the property, while her single sister taught school in Southbridge. Upon her death in 1930, Ms. Boardman bequeathed the farm to the MSPCA. It changed hands in 1961 and again in 1965. In 1969 Carl Schubert, a local artist and teacher bought the home and devoted the next 12 years to restoring it. In 1981, David and Kathy Hardwick bought the home and spent 25 years continuing his work, tastefully restoring and renovating it, and landscaping the grounds with lush plantings. At that time, the back wing was still recognizable as the creamery it had been during the home&#39;s farm days. In 1995 this wing was renovated, but is still known as The Creamery in honor of its past usage. Beneath The Creamery, accessible by a cleverly concealed trap-door, is a root cellar and Indian cellar, where early settlers could hide and defend themselves from Indian attackers. The home changed hands again twice more, and is now occupied by the Alesci family who are committed to preserving its historic significance for farming and architecture. The entrance hall staircase walls, and the walls flanking the middle upstairs window are gracefully curved, and thought to be one of the earliest examples of this type of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The George B. and Ruth D. Wells House is a historic house on Durfee Road in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1932 to a design by Boston architect Paul Wood, it is one of the first International Style houses to be built in the northeastern United States. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is not generally accessible to the public, but is vacant and was listed for sale in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wells House stands on about 10 acre of wooded land on the north side of Eastford Road in southern Southbridge, separated from the road by a portion of the Cohasse Country Club&#39;s golf course. The house is a large single-story structure with about 9,000 square feet of living space, organized as a series of block-like shapes. It has steel framing, and its walls are clad in either beige brick, or floor-to-ceiling glass windows set in black metal frames. The brick, originally painted white to set it off from the window frames, has returned to its natural color over time. The interior of the house is organized to take advantage of daylight, with living spaces generally facing east, south, and west, with the northern part of the structure taken up by passageways and utilitarian parts of the house.</p><br>
<p>George Wells was a scion of the Wells family, which owned the locally prominent American Optical Company, and the grandson of architect Daniel Burnham. Wells and his wife Ruth, having seen International Style houses on travels to Europe, decided to build a house in that style, but had difficulty finding an architect in Boston or New York City who worked in the style. He eventually commissioned Boston architect Paul Wood to do the design, and the house was built in 1932. The house, built in a rural section of Southbridge near his brother John&#39;s French chateau-style house, was a marked contrast. The house, one of the first International houses to be built in the eastern United States, was written up in 1933 in House Beautiful.</p><br>
<p>The C. G. Howes Dry Cleaning—Carley Real Estate building is a historic commercial building at 1171 Washington Street in the West Newton village of Newton, Massachusetts. The single story buff brick building was constructed in 1928, to a design by Boston architect William Drummey, to house the dry cleaning and fur storage business of C. G. Howes. In 1937 the building was purchased by Doris Carley, founder of the Carley Realty Company, the first female-owned realty business in the city. Ms. Carley was also one of the founders of the regional multiple listing service, and was active in the real estate business for fifty years.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is listed on the register at 1173 Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Avenue Historic District is a residential historic district encompassing the stylistic range of houses being built in the Newton Corner area of Newton, Massachusetts in the 1880s. It includes the five houses at 36, 42, 52, 59, and 62 Hyde Avenue, The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Avenue is a residential side street on the south side of Newton Corner, connecting Centre Street and Sargent Street, with a ninety degree turn about one third of the way from Centre Street. At the point of this turn is a slightly enlarged loop around a small grassy area. Four of the five houses are on the east side of Hyde Avenue running south from this turn, while the fifth is at the southwest junction of Hyde Avenue and Garden Road, another minor residential street. The houses at 36 and 52 Hyde Avenue are Queen Anne in their styling, and were built in 1880 and c. 1893, respectively. The houses at 59 and 62 Hyde are Colonial Revival, and were built c. 1885 and c. 1897. The fifth house, 42 Hyde, is a Shingle style house built in 1885. The Hyde Avenue area was originally part of a 43 acre farm, which was subdivided and mostly sold off by George Hyde, a city assessor, selectman, and bank director.</p><br>
<p>The house at 36 Hyde, while somewhat boxy, has a wealth of Queen Anne styling, including an asymmetrically sited entry, decorative wood shingling, and spindled friezes on its porch. 42 Hyde, the only Shingle style house, has an arcaded wraparound porch and conical dormers. The Colonial Revival house at 62 Hyde has a porch entry with clustered columns.</p><br>
<p>The Hyde House is a historic house located at 27 George Street in Newton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a 2-1/2 story Greek Revival house, with a sidehall plan and a columned porch that wraps around two sides of the house. The oldest portion of the house is believed to date to 1709, when an even older structure burned and was immediately rebuilt (suggesting that the house may have even older timbers). The house was thereafter added to numerous times, and was moved from its original location on Centre Street to this location in 1909. The area where it stands was held in the Hyde family for eight generations, until George Hyde sold the remaining farmlands for development in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Barton Creek Cave is a natural cave in Belize, known as both an archaeological site and as a tourist destination. It is located in the Barton Creek area near San Ignacio in the Cayo District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Barton Creek Cave is a primarily single-passage resurging stream cave. By 2002 a cave survey had been completed by the Western Belize Regional Cave Project, recording a total of 6,400 m of passages; dye traces at sinking streams above the cave indicated that there could be a further 6 km of cave passages beyond the terminal sumps. By 2005 the Xibalba Mapping and Exploration Team had extended the survey to 8 km.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Extensive looting of artifacts occurred soon after the cave was first reported, but it remains an important site for archaeologists. Evidence of cave use by the Maya exists on ten ledges within the first kilometer of cave passage. Pottery shards indicate use between the Early Classic (200 to 600 CE) to the Late Classic (600 to 900 CE) periods. The remains of at least 28 humans have been found within the cave.</p><br>
<p>The Kistler House is a historic house at 945 Beacon Street in Newton, Massachusetts. The 2 1/2 story wood frame house was built in 1893, and is one of Newton Center&#39;s most elaborate Colonial Revival houses. It has a veranda that wraps around two sides of the house, although a porch shelters the front facade. The porch is supported by clusters of slender columns, with a projecting central section framing the main entrance, which has leaded glass sidelight windows. A Palladian window stands above the main entrance, and the cornice line is embellished with egg-and-dart moulding, dentil moulding, and a frieze decorated with swags. Andrew Kistler, the owner, was a leather dealer working in Boston.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Lasell Neighborhood Historic District is a historic district roughly bounded by Woodland and Studio Roads, Aspen and Seminary Avenue, and Grove Street in Newton, Massachusetts village of Auburndale, Massachusetts. The area includes high-quality late-19th and early-20th century housing built in the area, and includes buildings on the campus of Lasell College, established as the Auburndale Female Seminary in 1851. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Auburndale was a remote farming area into the early 19th century, its land first divided by European settlers in the 17th century. Worcester Turnpike (Massachusetts Route 9) was built to its south in 1809. The Boston and Worcester Railroad was built through the area in the 1840s, with a station in Auburndale opening in 1851, spurring development. The area grew as a railroad commuter suburb in the second half of 19th century, and saw further development pressure in the 1890s when Commonwealth Avenue was extended to Newton&#39;s western edge.</p><br>
<p>The Lasell neighborhood is located south of the railroad right of way. A number of high quality Second Empire and Italianate house survive from its early period of development, notable among them 195 Woodland Road (1875), 222 Grove Street (c. 1875), and 176 Grove (c. 1862). The latter is a particularly fine example of the more formal Second Empire, with an ornate entrance and a bellcast mansard roof broken by a mansarded gable. One of the city&#39;s finest Ruskinian Gothic houses is the large Winslow-Haskell Mansion at 53 Vista Avenue (1870, now condominiums). At 62 Vista Avenue is a fine example of Italianate architecture, built c. 1879.</p><br>
<p>Some of the district&#39;s buildings are part of the Lasell College campus, and there are a significant number of fine Colonial Revival houses in the district.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was created in response to the college&#39;s moves to expand and upgrade its presence. Even after the creation of the historic district, neighbors have objected to new buildings and facilities including a campus-based retirement community.</p><br>
<p>The Monadnock Road Historic District is a residential historic district encompassing a cohesive subdivision of a former estate in the 1920s in the Chestnut Hill section of Newton, Massachusetts. The development was typical of Newton&#39;s explosive residential growth at that time, and includes primarily Tudor Revival houses. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Monadnock Road is located on the west side of Chestnut Hill, beginning at its southern end on Beacon Street, just west of the Boston College campus, and winding roughly northwest to an endpoint at Hobart Road, just south of Commonwealth Avenue. Commonwealth Avenue was completed in 1895, opening an area composed of large estates to development. Its construction was promoted by the Newton Boulevard Syndicate, a group that included local property owners, among them Robert Bishop, who owned the land in the western portion of this district. The eastern half the district was laid out in the 1924 subdivision of the estate of Louis Liggett, a drug store magnate. Monadnock Road and the adjacent streets were first identified in a subdivision plan created by Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot for the syndicate in 1895, but development in that area did not begin until the 1910s and 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 63 houses, primarily on Monadnock Road, but also include properties on Tudor Road, Hammond Street, Hammondswood Road, Wachusetts Road, and Hobart Street. The most common architectural style in the district is the Tudor Revival, although the Colonial Revival and Craftsman styles are also represented. The houses are generally large, well-proportioned, and of high quality. The district abuts the Gray Cliff Historic District, which was developed earlier on Robert Bishop&#39;s estate.</p><br>
<p>The Morton Road Historic District encompasses an example of a small residential subdivision in Newton, Massachusetts that was attractively designed in 1915. The architect-designed subdivision filled in an area otherwise surrounded by roads that had been developed earlier, and was built out between 1915 and 1928, with a fairly uniform use of Craftsman and Tudor Revival styling. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Morton Road is a short L-shaped roadway in a quiet residential area just north of Commonwealth Avenue in central Newton. It joins Morton Street on the east with Royce Street on the north. The district includes six contributing houses that are either Tudor or Craftsman in their styling, giving a cohesive appearance to the area. The other two, a Colonial Revival house at 12 Morton Road, and a Four Square at 20 Morton Road, are smaller than the other houses, and are not jarring intrusions to this cohesion.</p><br>
<p>The district is a good example of a small residential subdivision, executed in the early decades of the 20th century. In the late 19th century the entire area was part of a proposed park, which had Bulloughs Pond (located a short way to the west) as its centerpiece. Cost and other factors resulted in the abandonment of this proposal, and the area only slowly developed residentially until the mid-1910s. Morton Road was developed in 1915, with plans developed by Gilbert Miles Ramsey, an architect about whom little is known. Ramsey is credited with designing two of the houses, with Dow, Harlow & Kimball also designing two. John V. Pearn designed one, and Harold Ramsay (no known relation to Ramsey) also designed one. Ramsay was one of Newton&#39;s most prolific architects of the first half of the 20th century, and lived nearby.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pleasant is a historic estate house at 15 Bracebridge Road in Newton, Massachusetts. The two story wood frame house was built c. 1856 by Roswell Turner, a major land owner and real estate developer in the Newton Centre area. It is a well-preserved example of the academic Italianate style, with a three-bay facade and hip roof with a small gable over the centered entry, and a three-story turret. The property was owned for many of the later years of the 19th century by Charles S. Davis, another major force in the development of Newton Centre.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, the Wilson family, owners of Mount Pleasant, donated 0.5 acres of the wooded portion of their property to the City of Newton for the creation of the Wilson Conservation Area. In 2012, the Wilsons donated to the Newton Conservators a conservation restriction to preserve an additional 1.5 acres of their land.</p><br>
<p>The Needham Street Bridge is a historic bridge at Needham Street over the Charles River connecting Needham and Newton, Massachusetts. The bridge was built in 1875, when Needham Street was laid out, connecting Newton Centre, Newton Highlands, and Needham center. It was designed and built by Hiram Blaisdell and William Wheeler, then in the early stages of a successful civil engineering career. The bridge is one of the finest surviving stone arch bridges in the Boston area. The bridge is distinctive among those that do survive as not having been widened.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has three spans, with a total length of 95 feet and a roadway width of 40 ft; there are 65 feet of wing walls along the river banks. Each span is a semi-elliptical arch spanning 27 ft. It is one of Newton&#39;s oldest bridges.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Newton Highlands Historic District encompasses the historic heart of the village of Newton Highlands in Newton, Massachusetts. When it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, the district extended along Lincoln Street from Woodward to Hartford Streets, and included blocks of Bowdoin, Erie and Hartford Streets south of Lincoln Street. The district was enlarged in 1990 to include the cluster of commercial buildings on Lincoln Street between Hartford and Walnut Streets.</p><br>
<p>The original district was predominantly residential in character, with most of the housing stock built between c. 1874 and 1911. The most common architectural styles found are Queen Anne and Colonial Revival. Development of the area was spurred by improvements in railroad service to the area spurred by town selectman (and later the city&#39;s first mayor) James F. C. Hyde. The district also includes the 1895 Romanesque Hyde School, named in his honor. The cluster of commercial buildings along Lincoln and Walnut Street which were added to the district in 1990 were also built in this time frame. Distinctive among these commercial buildings is the automotive garage at 1151 Walnut Street, built in 1928, which is the only surviving building of that type in the area.</p><br>
<p>Other civic buildings in the district include the Newton Highlands branch of the Newton Free Library, an 1886 Queen Anne construction, and two churches: the Methodist Episcopal Church, built in 1893 in the Shingle style, and the Newton Highlands Congregational Church, a Gothic Revival structure built in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The Newton Lower Falls Historic District encompasses the historic colonial village center of Newton Lower Falls, on the west side of Newton, Massachusetts. This area lies north of Washington Street, along Concord and Grove Streets, between Washington and Hagar Streets. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The "lower falls" of the Charles River were an important geographic even before colonial days, because a Native American path traversed the area (roughly along the Washington Street alignment). In the 17th century the waterpower of the falls was already being harnessed by English colonists for the operation of gristmills and sawmills. Permanent residency on the Newton side of the river did not begin until the early 18th century, when an iron works was established. The oldest surviving house in the area is at 2345 Washington Street, built c. 1755. The residential portion of the village developed on the rise above the river, where St. Marys Episcopal Church was built c. 1813; it is separately listed on the National Register. Adjacent to the church, a number of Greek Revival houses were built on Grove Street during the 1830s and 1840s, the height of the areas economically significant paper industry. The last significant construction in the district was the hose house (fire station) at 677 Grove Street in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The historic portion of the village, once much larger, suffered a significant decline in the 20th century. Fashionable houses belonging to mill owners were demolished, as were more modest residences of mill workers, in some cases to make way for the construction of nearby Massachusetts Route 128. This intrusion also resulted in the destruction of a church and schools.</p><br>
<p>The Old Chestnut Hill Historic District encompasses the historic residential heart of the Newton portion of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. When first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, the district extended along Hammond Street, between Beacon Street and the MBTA Green Line right-of-way, and along Chestnut Hill Road between Hammond and Essex, including properties along a few adjacent streets. The district was expanded in 1990 to include more of Chestnut Hill Road and Essex Road, Suffolk Road and the roads between it and Hammond, and a small section south of the Green Line including properties on Hammond Street, Longwood Road, and Middlesex Road. A further expansion in 1999 added a single property on Suffolk Road.</p><br>
<p>The district consists of a residential enclave of high-quality architect-designed residences on ample, landscaped lots, that exemplified the development of Newton as a fashionable upper-class suburb. The areas colonial history begins with settlement in the 17th century by Thomas Hammond and others. Hammond was probably the builder of the c. 1700 Hammond House at 9 Old Orchard Road, considered to be Newtons oldest surviving structure. The 1723 house at 521 Hammond Street, a substantial Georgian style house, also belonged to the Hammond family.</p><br>
<p>Development of the area did not begin in a significant way until after 1886, when the Circuit Railroad brought rail service to the area. A station designed by H. H. Richardson was built at Chestnut Hill in 1883 and landscaped by Frederick Law Olmsted; it was demolished in 1960. The houses in the district are predominantly Colonial Revival in their styling, although other forms popular into the 1920s are also represented, including Tudor Revival. There has been only limited new construction in the area since 1942. The 98 acre district includes 132 buildings, of which 109 contribute to its significance.</p><br>
<p>Pearl Falls is one of the highest waterfalls in Mount Rainier National Park in the USA state of Washington. It is fed by the glacial Pearl Creek, occurring about halfway along the creek&#39;s course.</p><br>
<p>The falls plunge about 400 ft off a sheer columnar basalt cliff, unbroken for almost 200 ft, into an amphitheater-like basin, similar in form to the main drop of nearby Comet Falls. The columnar basalt was likely formed by cooled eruptions of Mount Rainier, which is a stratovolcano. Near the base, it crashes onto a rock ledge and fans out towards the left bank, before dropping again vertically onto a pile of talus and cascading downwards. It is located in a steep canyon on the southwest face of Mount Rainier. Pearl Creek drains to another glacial stream, Pyramid Creek, which parallels then flows into Kautz Creek and finally into the Nisqually River. There are also more cascades below the main drop of Pearl Falls.</p><br>
<p>Access to the falls is extremely difficult, requiring at least two days to reach safely on foot. However, the falls can also be seen distantly from Ricksecker Point on the Mount Rainier Highway.</p><br>
<p>Pearl Falls was named in 1912 by Albert Henry Barnes, a photographer from Tacoma. He named the falls for the fact that its spray resembled pearls under the right lighting conditions. Pearl Creek presumably took its name from the falls.</p><br>
<p>On Kautz Creek only a few miles to the east, is Kautz Creek Falls.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Ridge Road–Plainfield Street Historic District encompasses a residential subdivision in the Waban section of Newton, Massachusetts. It includes 44 properties on Pine Ridge Road and Plainfield Street between Chestnut Street and Upland Road, and includes a few properties on the latter two streets. The area was laid out for development in the 1880s after the arrival of suburban rail service, and was built out by the 1930s. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pine Ridge Road and Plainfield Street are residential streets located to the east of the central village of the Waban neighborhood of Newton. This area was farmland until 1886, when it was purchased by developers Charles Page and Frederick Henshaw. Early development in their subdivision took place west of Chestnut Street, and it was not until the 1890s that the area in this district, east of Chestnut Street, began. The area is architecturally diverse, with a modest number of 19th century Queen Anne and Shingle style houses, and a larger number of 20th century Colonial Revival, Tudor, and Craftsman houses. Some were architect-designed, and all are well-proportioned but not as large as those found in other neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>The oldest houses in the district date to 1897, and are Queen Anne in style. One of the finer examples is the Stetson House at 91 Pine Ridge Road, while 69 Pine Ridge Road sports a massive half-round porch in the style. Also built in 1897 is the Shingle style Davidson House at 24 Plainfield Street, while the Thomas James House (80 Pine Ridge), also in the Shingle style, may have been designed by its architect-owner. The George Heald house (99 Pine Ridge) is an example of English Tudor Revival architecture, with Tudor arch motifs, half-timbered gables and extensive use of diamond leadlight windows with heraldry symbols. The 1931 Colonial Revival house at 100 Pine Ridge is another architect-designed house, this one by Harry Ramsay, a prolific local designer.</p><br>
<p>The Putnam Street Historic District is a residential historic district roughly bounded by Winthrop, Putnam, Temple, and Shaw Streets in Newton, Massachusetts. It encompasses a residential area located on the hill just south of West Newton which was developed between the 1860s and 1880s. The 20 properties in the nearly 8 acre district are primarily Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Stick style. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Putnam Street is located just south of the village of West Newton, across the Massachusetts Turnpike and the main east-west railroad tracks between Boston and Worcester. It extends southward from the rotary that carries Massachusetts Route 16 across the highway, and runs for two blocks to Temple Street, another residential street. Winthrop Street extends west from Putnam Street for two blocks, ending at Perkins Street. The Putnam Street Historic District includes 18 properties on Putnam and Winthrop Streets, and two on Temple at the end of Putnam Street.</p><br>
<p>This area was largely undeveloped residentially before the railroad was built through the area in 1834. Development began with the introduction of commuter rail services into Boston in the 1840s. Most of the lots in this district were laid out in the early 1860s by the Newton Land Company, although the oldest house (34 Temple Street) dates to 1849, with later Queen Anne alterations. The houses built between about 1868 and 1885 represent a cohesive collection of Second Empire, Stick style, and Queen Anne Victorian buildings. Many of the Second Empire buildings appear to have been built by a single builder during the 1870s; for example, the houses at 4, 44, and 52 Winthrop Street all have very similar detailing. The finest Queen Anne house in the district is 44 Putnam Street, built in 1885.</p><br>
<p>The 650 ft Dale Creek Crossing, completed in 1868 in southeastern Wyoming Territory, presented engineers of the United States&#39; first transcontinental railroad one of their most difficult challenges. Dale Creek Bridge, the longest bridge on the Union Pacific Railroad , reached 150 ft above Dale Creek, two miles west of Sherman, Wyoming. The eastern approach to the bridge site, near the highest elevation on the UP, 8,247 ft above sea level, required cutting through granite for nearly a mile. Solid rock also confronted workers on the west side of the bridge where they made a cut one mile  in length.</p><br>
<p>Originally built of wood, the trestle swayed in the wind as the first train crossed on April 23, 1868. In the days following, as carpenters rushed to shore up the bridge, two fell to their deaths. Still, the bridge&#39;s timbers flexed under the strain of passing trains.</p><br>
<p>The original bridge was replaced on the 1868 piers in 1876 by an iron bridge, manufactured by the American Bridge Company. The wooden approaches at each end remained in place when the iron bridge was built. The western approach caught fire in 1884, and was repaired. The UP installed girder spans and granite abutments to strengthen the bridge in 1885. Engineers installed guy wires on both the wooden bridge and its iron replacement in an attempt to stabilize the structures.</p><br>
<p>"Standing on its tall, spindly iron legs that looked as sturdy as knitting needles, it was the highest and most dangerous crossing on the line. Engineers had to slow the train to 4 mph or a stiff Wyoming wind would push empty boxcars into the rocky gap."</p><br>
<p>The replacement iron "spider web" bridge, in turn, was dismantled in 1901, when the Union Pacific completed construction of a new alignment over Sherman Hill</p><br>
<p>as part of a massive reconstruction/improvement project which shortened the Overland Route by 30.47 mi.</p><br>
<p>The Railroad Hotel  is a building that served as an historic hotel at the triangular lot where Washington Street joins Watertown Street  in the West Newton section of Newton, Massachusetts. Built in 1831, it is the only early building still standing in West Newton&#39;s village center. The Railroad Hotel is on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property to the West Newton Village Center Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1831 in a Greek Revival/Federal style by local teacher and developer Seth Davis to serve at first as a lodging stop along a stagecoach line that ran from Boston to Worcester. When the Boston and Worcester Railroad reached West Newton in April 1834, the hotel served as the line&#39;s first terminal, and as a transfer point to stagecoaches until the railroad was extended to Worcester the next year. It was known as the Railroad Hotel and Terminal Hotel thereafter, even after the B&W built a dedicated station nearby.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Saco&ndash;Pettee Machine Shops is a historic factory complex at 156 Oak Street in the Newton Upper Falls area of Newton, Massachusetts. Although the area has an industrial history dating to the early 19th century, the oldest buildings in this complex, consisting of about thirteen brick buildings, were built in 1892. The property, a major economic force in the development of Newton Upper Falls, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It was home to Clarks N.A., the North American home base to Clarks Shoes, makers of fine footwear, until they relocated to Waltham Ma. in October 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Saco–Pettee Machine Shops are located at the northwest corner of Oak and Needham Streets, just north of a bend in the Charles River. It consists of a cluster of interconnected brick buildings, one to three stories in height, most of which date to the turn of the 20th century. All are built out of red brick, and most were designed by Lockwood, Green & Co. of Boston, giving them a consistent appearance. Although the site has been used since the 1830s for industrial purposes, nothing is known to survive from that period.</p><br>
<p>Otis Pettee began manufacturing equipment for the processing of cotton in the 1823, at first for a mill located downstream on the Charles. In 1830 he established his own shop on this site, and began a profitable textile equipment processing manufacturer that supplied mills from New England to Mexico. The business was continued by two generations of descendants, incorporating as the Pettee Machine Shop in 1880. The oldest surviving building of this complex was built in 1893, when the business began specializing in the production of punched cards for controlling looms. In 1897 Pettee merged with the Saco Water Power Shop, expanding its product line to include virtually all mill equipment except looms. The next major period of expansion was 1910–1913, highlighted by the companys acquisition of Lowell Machine Shops in 1912. Business declined in the 1920s, and the company closed its Newton operation in 1932, consolidating operations at Saco, Maine. The complex is now home to a variety of tenants, one its largest being Clarks Shoes.</p><br>
<p>The Saco–Lowell Shops Housing Historic District encompasses the only 20th-century factory working housing enclave in the city of Newton, Massachusetts. It is located in Newton Upper Falls, near the Saco–Pettee Machine Shops, and was developed to provide housing for employees of the machinery manufacturers located there. It is roughly bounded by Oak, William, Butts, and Saco Streets, and includes eight small-scale brick houses with vernacular Colonial Revival styling. These houses were built in 1919 and 1920, adjoining a small number of worker houses built in the early 1890s. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Saco–Pettee Machine Shops complex is located on the north side of Oak Street in Newton Upper Falls. This industrial complex was founded in 1830, and was by the late 19th century the city&#39;s largest employer, producing equipment for use in textile mills. As part of a reform movement to improve the conditions of factory movements, the company decided to build a small subdivision of worker housing units across Oak Street from the factory. A plan was drafted in 1919 for eight houses to be constructed within the existing cluster of houses located on William, Butts, and Saco Streets. The houses on these streets had been built primarily in the 1890s by others, and are vernacular wood-frame houses.</p><br>
<p>The houses built by the company are one and two-family brick structures, with variants of then-popular Colonial Revival styling. The house at 41 Butts Street is a fairly typical single-family residence, two stories in height, with a saltbox profile. Five other houses in the district are similar, varying principally in their roof line. The houses at 4-6 Saco Street and 135-139 Oak Street were designed as multi-family residences, with gable sections set at right angles, and a more distinctly Greek Revival style to their trim.</p><br>
<p>The Simpson House is a historic house at 57 Hunnewell Avenue in Newton, Massachusetts. The 2-1/2 story wood frame house was built in the late 1890s, and is an excellent local example of a well-preserved Queen Anne Victorian with some Colonial Revival features. It has roughly rectangular massing, but is visually diverse, with a number of gables and projections. A single story porch across the front extends over the drive to form a porte cochere, and rests on fieldstone piers with Tuscan columns. The stairs to the entry are called out by a triangular pediment, above which is a Palladian window with flanking columns. Joseph Simpson, its first owner, was a principal in the Simpson Brothers paving company.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Deacon John Staples House  is a historic house at 1615 Beacon Street in the village of Waban in Newton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The first house on the site was built in 1688 by Deacon John Staples, a weaver and Newtons first schoolmaster. Staples and his wife had no children of their own, but raised several boys including Moses Craft, a relative of Mrs. Staples. When the Deacon died, Craft inherited the property. Craft rebuilt the house on the original foundation around 1750, constructing a colonial farmhouse two and a half stories high with five windows and two rooms across, and one room wide, with two chimneys running up the back, each serving two rooms. In 1768, he built an addition, adding a kitchen where the original Staples house kitchen had been. Craft died in 1821 at the age of 85, leaving no will and an estate seriously in debt. As ordered by the judge of probate, the house and surrounding land was sold at auction. Joseph&#39;s son, Moses Craft II, won with the winning bid of $5.50. In 1824, Moses Craft II sold the property to his cousin William Wiswall. It is believed that Wiswall was responsible for remodeling the house to give it a Federal ornament. David Kinmonth, a Boston merchant, bought the house in 1858 and remodeled it, giving Victorian overtones to its basic Georgian style. The house was remodeled again during the American Civil War. Ownership of the house changed hands many times during the 20th century. It was last sold in 1983 and continues to be a private residence. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as the Staples-Craft-Wiswall Farm. Despite the many modifications that it has undergone, the house stands today on the original 1688 stone foundation, which is up to one meter thick in some places.</p><br>
<p>King Solomons Dome, also called King Solomon Dome, is a 1,234 m peak in the Yukon-Mackenzie Divide region of the Yukon Territory, Canada. It is 32 km southeast of Dawson City, Yukon, and is believed to be the source of the gold fields that sparked the Klondike Gold Rush at the turn of the 20th century. The mountains name comes from King Solomon, an ancient king of Israel who was famed for his riches.</p><br>
<p>During the gold rush, the mountain was the site of large-scale gold mining and excavation. After the largest sources of gold ore were exhausted, small family-owned operations moved into the area and continue mining gold on and near the mountain today. A communications tower is located atop the mountain, and in 2001, the tower was the site of a fatal accident. The trail for the Yukon Quest 1,000-mile sled dog race passes over the mountain every February.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is in a subarctic climate region, and is covered by an average snowpack of 29 in during March and April.</p><br>
